Previous research about the career aspirations of young people by the Office for National Statistics also found a ‘reality gap’ between their dreams and the sometimes disappointing truth by the time they reached their early to late|20s.
对于句子中by the time+从句我有两个疑问:
1.怎么样理解这里的by the time+从句在整个句子中担任的成分?我了解by the time一般视为引导时间状语从句标志了,但本身by the time是一个介词短语,那样能否将“by the time+从句”理解一个介词短语+定语从句?
2.基于上面的疑惑,我更想知道这里的by the time+从句在修饰什么?是作为时间状语修饰主句的谓语动词么?但感觉讲解非常牵强:在青年到了二十多大岁数的时候,研究(已经)发现了一个“现实差距”?主句没用过去完成时,时态上也不对。我感觉by the time+从句还是作为一个介词短语,在修饰 a reality gap或者 the sometimes disappointing truth,不了解剖析的对不对?请各位老师帮忙解惑,谢谢。
1. by the time 是习语,等于when. 你不必把它分开理解,当然大概是从by + the time when/that +从句变化而来。请看词典的解释:
2. 你的句子中的by the time 从句不可以理解为状语修饰found, 这不是原句要表达的意思。应该看作their dreams and the sometimes disappointing truth 的修饰语,起定语用途。不一样的语法学家可能对这种使用方法有不一样的讲解,如薄冰讲解为定语从句,《剑桥语法》讲解为补足语。但无论如何讲解,它也是修饰前面的名词结构,不是修饰主句谓语动词。
这个道理犹如这句:His mother's death when he was 10 has had a negative impact on his entire life.
再看一个外刊例句,这里的when 从句修饰his mother's death.